Solutions to Chapter 44 Semantics for ML

We have presented all of the counter-interpretations diagrammatically. If you would prefer to write them out explicitly, then that would be fine too!

A. Present counter-interpretations to the following:

  1. 1.
    ​

    ¬P⊨𝐊¬◇⁢P

    World 1 is connected by an arrow to world 2. World 1
is labelled by not-P and world 2 by P.
  2. 2.
    ​

    □⁢(P∨Q)⊨𝐊□⁢P∨□⁢Q

    World 1 is connected by arrows to itself and to world
2. World 1 is labelled P and not-Q. World 2 is labelled not-P and Q.
  3. 3.
    ​

    ⊨𝐊¬□⁢(A∧¬A)

    World 1 is the only world, and not connected to
itself. It is labelled not-A.
  4. 4.
    ​

    □⁢A⊨𝐊A

    World 1 is connected by an arrow to world 2. World 1
is labelled not-A. World 2 is labelled A.

B. Present counter-interpretations to the following:

  1. 1.
    ​

    □⁢(M→O),◇⁢M⊨𝐓O

    World 1 is connected to world 2 by an arrow. Both
worlds are connected to themselves by an arrow. World 1 is labelled
not-M and not-O. World 2 is labelled M and O.
  2. 2.
    ​

    □⁢A⊨𝐓□⁢□⁢A

    World 1 is connected by an arrow to world 2, and world
2 by an arrow to world 3. Each world is connected by an arrow to
itself. Worlds 1 and 2 are labelled A. World 3 is labelled not-A.

C. Present counter-interpretations to the following:

  1. 1.
    ​

    ◇⁢A⊨𝐒𝟒□⁢◇⁢A

    World 1 is connected to world 2 by an arrow. Both
worlds are connected to themselves by an arrow. World 1 is labelled
A. World 2 is labelled not-A.
  2. 2.
    ​

    ◇⁢A,□⁢(◇⁢A→B)⊨𝐒𝟒□⁢B

    World 1 is connected to world 2 by an arrow. Both
worlds are connected to themselves by an arrow. World 1 is labelled
A and B. World 2 is labelled not-A and not-B.